Some are similar in shape to asbestos fibres, which have caused lung cancers such as mesothelioma.
Research on mice, published in Toxicology Sciences, suggests the longer nanofibres are more dangerous.
Human and mouse lungs are different, but the researchers hope the study will help to design safer nanofibres.
Nanofibres are in a range of goods, from aeroplane wings to tennis rackets.
Ken Donaldson, professor of respiratory toxicology at the University of